Faroese - Wikilangs Models

Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study

This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on Faroese Wikipedia data. We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.

πŸ“‹ Repository Contents

Models & Assets

  • Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
  • N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
  • Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
  • Subword N-gram and Markov chains
  • Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
  • Language Vocabulary
  • Language Statistics

Performance Dashboard

Analysis and Evaluation


1. Tokenizer Evaluation

Tokenizer Compression

Tokenizer Fertility

Tokenizer OOV

Total Tokens

Results

Vocab Size Compression Avg Token Len UNK Rate Total Tokens
8k 3.578x 3.58 0.0475% 501,416
16k 3.909x 3.91 0.0518% 459,065
32k 4.191x 4.19 0.0556% 428,081
64k 4.421x πŸ† 4.42 0.0586% 405,872

Tokenization Examples

Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:

Sample 1: Nagano er ein býur Ñ oynni Honshu í Japan. Í vóru OL-veturleikirnir í býnum. Áví...

Vocab Tokens Count
8k ▁n ag ano ▁er ▁ein ▁bΓ½ur ▁Ñ ▁oynni ▁hon sh ... (+35 more) 45
16k ▁nag ano ▁er ▁ein ▁bΓ½ur ▁Ñ ▁oynni ▁hon sh u ... (+34 more) 44
32k ▁nag ano ▁er ▁ein ▁bΓ½ur ▁Ñ ▁oynni ▁hon shu ▁í ... (+29 more) 39
64k ▁nag ano ▁er ▁ein ▁bΓ½ur ▁Ñ ▁oynni ▁honshu ▁í ▁japan ... (+28 more) 38

Sample 2: EslΓΆv er ein bΓ½ur Γ­ EslΓΆvs kommunu Γ­ SkΓ₯ne lΓ€n Γ­ SvΓΈrΓ­ki. BΓ½urin hevur umleiΓ° 17...

Vocab Tokens Count
8k ▁e sl ΓΆv ▁er ▁ein ▁bΓ½ur ▁í ▁e sl ΓΆv ... (+25 more) 35
16k ▁e slΓΆv ▁er ▁ein ▁bΓ½ur ▁í ▁e slΓΆv s ▁kommunu ... (+23 more) 33
32k ▁eslΓΆv ▁er ▁ein ▁bΓ½ur ▁í ▁eslΓΆv s ▁kommunu ▁í ▁skΓ₯ne ... (+21 more) 31
64k ▁eslΓΆv ▁er ▁ein ▁bΓ½ur ▁í ▁eslΓΆvs ▁kommunu ▁í ▁skΓ₯ne ▁lΓ€n ... (+20 more) 30

Sample 3: Langeskov kommuna (danskt: Langeskov kommune), er ein kommuna Γ­ Fyns Amt Γ­ Danma...

Vocab Tokens Count
8k ▁lang e skov ▁kommuna ▁( danskt : ▁lang e skov ... (+28 more) 38
16k ▁lang e skov ▁kommuna ▁( danskt : ▁lang e skov ... (+27 more) 37
32k ▁lange skov ▁kommuna ▁( danskt : ▁lange skov ▁kommune ), ... (+24 more) 34
64k ▁langeskov ▁kommuna ▁( danskt : ▁langeskov ▁kommune ), ▁er ▁ein ... (+21 more) 31

Key Findings

  • Best Compression: 64k achieves 4.421x compression
  • Lowest UNK Rate: 8k with 0.0475% unknown tokens
  • Trade-off: Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
  • Recommendation: 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use

2. N-gram Model Evaluation

N-gram Perplexity

N-gram Unique

N-gram Coverage

Results

N-gram Variant Perplexity Entropy Unique N-grams Top-100 Coverage Top-1000 Coverage
2-gram Word 19,074 14.22 52,510 11.9% 30.1%
2-gram Subword 358 πŸ† 8.49 4,371 60.3% 98.7%
3-gram Word 30,965 14.92 64,802 8.8% 23.6%
3-gram Subword 3,173 11.63 35,149 21.7% 64.3%
4-gram Word 56,491 15.79 107,657 6.7% 19.4%
4-gram Subword 18,109 14.14 189,262 10.5% 34.3%
5-gram Word 37,176 15.18 74,269 7.8% 23.2%
5-gram Subword 64,574 15.98 496,959 6.5% 21.1%

Top 5 N-grams by Size

2-grams (Word):

Rank N-gram Count
1 f kr 17,129
2 Γ‘rini f 6,533
3 er ein 5,079
4 Γ­ fΓΈroyum 4,019
5 ΓΈld f 2,454

3-grams (Word):

Rank N-gram Count
1 Γ‘rini f kr 6,533
2 ΓΈld f kr 2,454
3 hendingar fΓΈΓ°ingar andlΓ‘t 751
4 ein kommuna Γ­ 656
5 iΓ° byrjaΓ°i Γ‘ 638

4-grams (Word):

Rank N-gram Count
1 iΓ° byrjaΓ°i Γ‘ einum 636
2 er ein kommuna Γ­ 621
3 f kr hendingar fΓΈΓ°ingar 548
4 kr hendingar fΓΈΓ°ingar andlΓ‘t 534
5 er ein bΓ½ur Γ­ 521

5-grams (Word):

Rank N-gram Count
1 f kr hendingar fΓΈΓ°ingar andlΓ‘t 534
2 fΓΈΓ°ingar andlΓ‘t ΓΈld f kr 497
3 hendingar fΓΈΓ°ingar andlΓ‘t ΓΈld f 495
4 kr hendingar fΓΈΓ°ingar andlΓ‘t ΓΈld 493
5 kalendaranum eitt vanligt Γ‘r iΓ° 476

2-grams (Subword):

Rank N-gram Count
1 r _ 290,904
2 i n 229,266
3 a r 218,692
4 _ s 209,679
5 a n 183,340

3-grams (Subword):

Rank N-gram Count
1 _ Γ­ _ 94,332
2 u r _ 93,257
3 u m _ 92,289
4 a r _ 73,100
5 i Γ° _ 65,495

4-grams (Subword):

Rank N-gram Count
1 _ o g _ 65,054
2 _ e r _ 33,635
3 _ a t _ 28,671
4 n u m _ 27,682
5 i n i _ 26,628

5-grams (Subword):

Rank N-gram Count
1 _ s u m _ 22,835
2 _ v i Γ° _ 20,464
3 _ t i l _ 20,113
4 _ f . k r 17,103
5 f . k r . 17,094

Key Findings

  • Best Perplexity: 2-gram (subword) with 358
  • Entropy Trend: Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
  • Coverage: Top-1000 patterns cover ~21% of corpus
  • Recommendation: 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance

3. Markov Chain Evaluation

Markov Entropy

Markov Contexts

Markov Branching

Results

Context Variant Avg Entropy Perplexity Branching Factor Unique Contexts Predictability
1 Word 0.8217 1.767 5.75 176,129 17.8%
1 Subword 0.8858 1.848 6.33 2,058 11.4%
2 Word 0.2659 1.202 1.65 1,010,213 73.4%
2 Subword 0.8361 1.785 5.38 13,016 16.4%
3 Word 0.0884 1.063 1.15 1,662,607 91.2%
3 Subword 0.8358 1.785 4.43 69,978 16.4%
4 Word 0.0297 πŸ† 1.021 1.04 1,896,454 97.0%
4 Subword 0.7103 1.636 3.08 309,872 29.0%

Generated Text Samples (Word-based)

Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:

Context Size 1:

  1. Γ­ Γ­ hΓΈvuΓ°sstaΓ°arregiΓ³n danmarkar var forkvinna Γ‘ youtube com dΓ½rd harrans deyΓ°ur 30 sesongin av olju
  2. og eru 1 4 5 97 265 maleisia myanmar aung san marino italskt tΓ³naskald d 28
  3. er amerikanskur sjΓ³nleikari og tann 44 minuttir ΓΊtgΓ‘vudato 14 f pearl bailey and stonehenge var taΓ°

Context Size 2:

  1. f kr 16 f kr hendingar fΓΈΓ°ingar andlΓ‘t ΓΈld f kr 580 Γ‘rini f kr hendingar fΓΈΓ°ingar
  2. Γ‘rini f kr Γ‘rstal 152 f kr Γ‘ratΓ­ggju 390 Γ‘rini f kr 10 Γ‘rini f kr 220
  3. er ein kommuna í región suðurdanmark í danmark lærarastarvið gjørdist lívsstarv hansara var høvuðsat...

Context Size 3:

  1. Γ‘rini f kr 230 f kr 229 f kr 228 f kr 227 f kr 226 f kr
  2. ΓΈld f kr Γ‘ratΓ­ggju 490 Γ‘rini 500 Γ‘rini 510 Γ‘rini 520 Γ‘rini 530 Γ‘rini 540 Γ‘rini 550 Γ‘rini
  3. ein kommuna Γ­ gΓ€vleborgs lΓ€n Γ­ svΓΈrΓ­ki bjuvs kommuna hevur 14 015 Γ­bΓΊgvar i riket lΓ€n och kommuner

Context Size 4:

  1. ið byrjaði Ñ einum mÑnadegi hendingar 1 januar vestursÑmoa verður frælst ríki 8 november løgtingsval...
  2. er ein kommuna Γ­ keypmannahavns amt Γ­ danmark hΓΈje taastrup kommuna hevur umleiΓ° 48 695 Γ­bΓΊgvar Γ­ da...
  3. f kr hendingar fΓΈΓ°ingar andlΓ‘t ΓΈld f kr

Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)

Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:

Context Size 1:

  1. _nangaterΓ°rn_om.
  2. apskand_ΓΊrim_160
  3. rnΓΆrn_kl_bΓ½r_och

Context Size 2:

  1. r_vilberΓ°u_(svar_
  2. iniziskur_sonakt_
  3. ardin,_nast_hav_b

Context Size 3:

  1. _Γ­_dagfΓΈroyskilu,_
  2. ur_Γ­_fΓΈroyingur_tu
  3. um_byrgdir_sonerha

Context Size 4:

  1. _og_atli_bayern_lon
  2. _er_m.a._Γ­_nazithro
  3. _at_nΓ‘ttΓΊrutengdum_

Key Findings

  • Best Predictability: Context-4 (word) with 97.0% predictability
  • Branching Factor: Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
  • Memory Trade-off: Larger contexts require more storage (309,872 contexts)
  • Recommendation: Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation

4. Vocabulary Analysis

Zipf's Law

Top Words

Coverage Curve

Statistics

Metric Value
Vocabulary Size 77,098
Total Tokens 2,107,707
Mean Frequency 27.34
Median Frequency 4
Frequency Std Dev 537.11

Most Common Words

Rank Word Frequency
1 Γ­ 96,564
2 og 65,210
3 er 34,690
4 at 28,863
5 Γ‘ 26,503
6 sum 23,040
7 av 21,270
8 viΓ° 21,264
9 f 21,130
10 til 20,883

Least Common Words (from vocabulary)

Rank Word Frequency
1 afgΓΈres 2
2 semifinalerne 2
3 straffesparkskonkurrence 2
4 præmiepenge 2
5 udekampe 2
6 amerikanaranum 2
7 squibb 2
8 beregszΓ‘sziovΓ‘ 2
9 brΓΈΓ°rarΓΈrslan 2
10 befg 2

Zipf's Law Analysis

Metric Value
Zipf Coefficient 1.0122
RΒ² (Goodness of Fit) 0.998602
Adherence Quality excellent

Coverage Analysis

Top N Words Coverage
Top 100 38.1%
Top 1,000 61.0%
Top 5,000 77.8%
Top 10,000 84.6%

Key Findings

  • Zipf Compliance: RΒ²=0.9986 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
  • High Frequency Dominance: Top 100 words cover 38.1% of corpus
  • Long Tail: 67,098 words needed for remaining 15.4% coverage

5. Word Embeddings Evaluation

Embedding Isotropy

Similarity Matrix

t-SNE Words

t-SNE Sentences

5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment

Alignment Quality

Multilingual t-SNE

5.2 Model Comparison

Model Dimension Isotropy Semantic Density Alignment R@1 Alignment R@10
mono_32d 32 0.8663 0.3394 N/A N/A
mono_64d 64 0.8701 πŸ† 0.2508 N/A N/A
mono_128d 128 0.8059 0.1852 N/A N/A
aligned_32d 32 0.8663 0.3298 0.0720 0.3400
aligned_64d 64 0.8701 0.2499 0.1180 0.4260
aligned_128d 128 0.8059 0.1896 0.1760 0.5080

Key Findings

  • Best Isotropy: mono_64d with 0.8701 (more uniform distribution)
  • Semantic Density: Average pairwise similarity of 0.2574. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
  • Alignment Quality: Aligned models achieve up to 17.6% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval.
  • Recommendation: 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance

6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)

This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.

6.1 Productivity & Complexity

Metric Value Interpretation Recommendation
Productivity Index 5.000 High morphological productivity Reliable analysis
Idiomaticity Gap 0.100 Low formulaic content -

6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)

These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.

Productive Prefixes

Prefix Examples
-st statsleiΓ°ararnar, stovnum, stillir

Productive Suffixes

Suffix Examples
-r roykir, kippur, rannsΓ³knir
-n hΓ³ttan, alden, tuin
-um homrum, stovnum, sonevndum
-ar statsleiΓ°ararnar, pilar, akrar
-ur kippur, heindrikkur, trΓ­kantur
-in tuin, mentamÑlarÑðharrin, undirsjóvartunnilin
-num stovnum, skarninum, muslimunum
-ir roykir, rannsΓ³knir, stillir

6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)

Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.

Stem Cohesion Substitutability Examples
rini 2.22x 35 contexts Γ‘rini, trini, irini
ggja 1.63x 94 contexts eggja, oyggja, sΓ­ggja
ansk 1.64x 88 contexts mansk, dansk, fransk
ndin 1.56x 111 contexts endin, andin, vandin
nlei 1.99x 36 contexts gunleif, sunleif, finleif
aΓ°ur 1.95x 30 contexts jaΓ°ur, maΓ°ur, staΓ°ur
ngar 1.61x 56 contexts ongar, ingar, ungar
ndur 1.59x 56 contexts undur, endur, Γ³ndur
ikar 1.78x 36 contexts bikar, tikari, peikar
ldur 1.69x 43 contexts aldur, eldur, baldur
eldu 1.77x 30 contexts eldur, teldu, feldu
nsku 1.81x 27 contexts ensku, enskur, finsku

6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)

This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.

Prefix Suffix Frequency Examples
-st -r 34 words studentaskúlanæmingar, stívur
-st -n 23 words stormen, stundin
-st -um 17 words studioalbum, strandgeiranum
-st -ar 12 words studentaskúlanæmingar, stokkar
-st -ni 11 words strandafjΓΈllini, strandalondini
-st -ur 10 words stΓ­vur, stΓ³rΓ­dnaΓ°ur
-st -num 8 words strandgeiranum, stættatinginum
-st -ir 7 words steroidir, stættir
-st -iΓ° 6 words strandaΓΈkiΓ°, stΓ³rbΓ½arΓΈkiΓ°
-st -in 5 words stundin, stapin

6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation

Using Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., prefix-prefix-root-suffix).

Word Suggested Split Confidence Stem
prestagarΓ°urin prestagarΓ°-ur-in 6.0 prestagarΓ°
harΓ°skapurin harΓ°skap-ur-in 6.0 harΓ°skap
handverkarum handverk-ar-um 6.0 handverk
mentanini menta-ni-ni 6.0 menta
tjΓ³Γ°argarΓ°urin tjΓ³Γ°argarΓ°-ur-in 6.0 tjΓ³Γ°argarΓ°
krossfiskurin krossfisk-ur-in 6.0 krossfisk
forstaΓ°inum forstaΓ°i-num 4.5 forstaΓ°i
fyrrapartin fyrrapart-in 4.5 fyrrapart
landslΓΈgum landslΓΈg-um 4.5 landslΓΈg
suΓ°uroyarmΓ‘liΓ° suΓ°uroyarmΓ‘l-iΓ° 4.5 suΓ°uroyarmΓ‘l
gongustjΓΈrnunum gongustjΓΈrnu-num 4.5 gongustjΓΈrnu
sΓ³knarprestin sΓ³knarprest-in 4.5 sΓ³knarprest
fjΓ³rΓ°ingar fjΓ³rΓ°ing-ar 4.5 fjΓ³rΓ°ing
lastbilar lastbil-ar 4.5 lastbil
grundlΓ³gin grundlΓ³g-in 4.5 grundlΓ³g

6.6 Linguistic Interpretation

Automated Insight: The language Faroese shows high morphological productivity. The subword models are significantly more efficient than word models, suggesting a rich system of affixation or compounding.


7. Summary & Recommendations

Performance Dashboard

Production Recommendations

Component Recommended Rationale
Tokenizer 64k BPE Best compression (4.42x)
N-gram 2-gram Lowest perplexity (358)
Markov Context-4 Highest predictability (97.0%)
Embeddings 100d Balanced semantic capture and isotropy

Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide

This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.

Tokenizer Metrics

Compression Ratio

Definition: The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.

Intuition: Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.

What to seek: Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.

Average Token Length (Fertility)

Definition: Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.

Intuition: Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.

What to seek: Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.

Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)

Definition: Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.

Intuition: Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.

What to seek: Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.

N-gram Model Metrics

Perplexity

Definition: Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.

Intuition: If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.

What to seek: Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.

Entropy

Definition: Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.

Intuition: High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.

What to seek: Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.

Coverage (Top-K)

Definition: Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.

Intuition: High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.

What to seek: Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.

Markov Chain Metrics

Average Entropy

Definition: Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.

Intuition: Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).

What to seek: Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.

Branching Factor

Definition: Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.

Intuition: High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).

What to seek: Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.

Predictability

Definition: Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) Γ— 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.

Intuition: 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.

What to seek: Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.

Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics

Zipf's Coefficient

Definition: The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.

Intuition: A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.

What to seek: Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.

RΒ² (Coefficient of Determination)

Definition: Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.

Intuition: RΒ² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.

What to seek: RΒ² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.

Vocabulary Coverage

Definition: Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.

Intuition: Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.

What to seek: Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.

Word Embedding Metrics

Isotropy

Definition: Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.

Intuition: High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.

What to seek: Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.

Average Norm

Definition: Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.

Intuition: Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.

What to seek: Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).

Cosine Similarity

Definition: Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).

Intuition: Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.

What to seek: Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.

t-SNE Visualization

Definition: t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.

Intuition: Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.

What to seek: Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.

General Interpretation Guidelines

  1. Compare within model families: Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
  2. Consider trade-offs: Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
  3. Context matters: Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
  4. Corpus influence: All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
  5. Language-specific patterns: Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.

Visualizations Index

Visualization Description
Tokenizer Compression Compression ratios by vocabulary size
Tokenizer Fertility Average token length by vocabulary
Tokenizer OOV Unknown token rates
Tokenizer Total Tokens Total tokens by vocabulary
N-gram Perplexity Perplexity by n-gram size
N-gram Entropy Entropy by n-gram size
N-gram Coverage Top pattern coverage
N-gram Unique Unique n-gram counts
Markov Entropy Entropy by context size
Markov Branching Branching factor by context
Markov Contexts Unique context counts
Zipf's Law Frequency-rank distribution with fit
Vocab Frequency Word frequency distribution
Top 20 Words Most frequent words
Vocab Coverage Cumulative coverage curve
Embedding Isotropy Vector space uniformity
Embedding Norms Vector magnitude distribution
Embedding Similarity Word similarity heatmap
Nearest Neighbors Similar words for key terms
t-SNE Words 2D word embedding visualization
t-SNE Sentences 2D sentence embedding visualization
Position Encoding Encoding method comparison
Model Sizes Storage requirements
Performance Dashboard Comprehensive performance overview

About This Project

Data Source

Models trained on wikipedia-monthly - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.

Project

A project by Wikilangs - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.

Maintainer

Omar Kamali - Omneity Labs

Citation

If you use these models in your research, please cite:

@misc{wikilangs2025,
  author = {Kamali, Omar},
  title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
  institution = {Omneity Labs}
}

License

MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.

Links


Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline

Report Date: 2026-01-04 14:57:33

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